Lorna Poplak

Don Jail

Sixty years after Canada’s last execution, the discussion about capital punishment has not gone away

Demonstrators outside the Don Jail in Toronto protest the execution by hanging of two convicted murderers, Ronald Turpin and Arthur Lucas, on Dec. 11, 1962.

Originally published in The Globe and Mail – December 11, 2022

At two minutes past midnight on Dec. 11, 1962, while a small band of demonstrators circled outside in the bitter cold with placards protesting in bold black letters that “hanging is also murder” and that “two wrongs do not make a right,” Ronald Turpin and Arthur Lucas dropped back to back through the gallows trap door in the execution chamber of the Don Jail in Toronto.

Ronald Turpin, 29, was a small-time lawbreaker known to Toronto police. While making his getaway after stealing $632.84 from a fast-food restaurant in Scarborough in February, 1962, Turpin was pulled over by police constable Frederick Nash for bald tires and a broken front headlight. Both men were armed. After a vicious exchange of gunfire, Nash lay dying at the scene. Turpin, who had been wounded, was arrested and charged with murder.

Arthur Lucas, 54, a Black American hoodlum from Detroit, had, according to some of his connections, journeyed to Toronto in November, 1961, to execute fellow gangster Therland Crater, due to testify in the upcoming trial of a drug trafficker in the United States. In the early hours of Nov. 17, Crater and his girlfriend, Carolyn Ann Newman, were found in their rooming house with their throats slashed. Crater had also been shot four times. Lucas, who had visited the couple earlier that very morning, immediately became the prime suspect. He was apprehended in Detroit and extradited to Canada, where he was tried for the murder of Crater.

Lucas and Turpin were both found guilty and sentenced to death on May 10 and June 13, 1962, respectively.

The execution of Ronald Turpin went off relatively smoothly: He was dead within minutes. But you would need to look no further than Arthur Lucas for a chilling example of what can go wrong when the penalty is death.

Read the full article on The Globe and Mail.com

How architect William Thomas helped build Ontario

He designed St. Michael’s Cathedral, St. Lawrence Hall, and the Don Jail — that last one might have signed his death warrant

After his death in Toronto in 1860, William Thomas was lauded by the Globe as having created “some of the most tasteful buildings of which our city can boast.” The list was long, featuring churches, schools, stores, offices, and stately homes. But Thomas’s reach as an architect after his arrival in Canada West (now Ontario) from his native Britain in 1843 had extended far beyond city limits. Closer to home, his “tastefully” designed buildings adorned cities such as Stratford and St. Catharines, Goderich and Guelph, Perth and Port Hope; farther afield, there was a miscellany of structures in Quebec City and Halifax.

Although Thomas was hugely successful as both an architect and a surveyor in Canada, with more than 80 buildings to his credit, his rise to the pinnacle of his profession was neither swift nor easy.

Read the full article on the TVO website.

 

FARE AND FOUL: A Christmas Nightmare in Six Parts – Part 6

Part 6: Next Christmas 

On Tuesday, December 21, 1982, after a series of 10 abortive court appearances due to ongoing congestion within the court system, Leslie Sheppard finally had his moment of truth before York County Court Judge Ted Wren. Sheppard faced a two-to-three-year prison sentence for being an accessory after the fact to the escape of the four convicts from the Don Jail on December 25, 1981.

Rewind to December 1981: Things were looking bright for Sheppard. He was working full time as a printer for York Litho and had just purchased a $100,000 house in Pickering, where he was living with his 10-year-old son. Determined to pay off his mortgage as quickly as possible, he took a second job moonlighting for Diamond Taxis in Toronto. His first day on the job would be December 25. He reckoned that spending Christmas away from his family would be a hardship but well worth his while.

He was wrong.

After he had dropped off just his second fare of the night at Riverdale Hospital, four men, uttering dark threats, scrambled into his cab on the narrow roadway between the hospital and the Don Jail. It took Sheppard mere moments to realize that his vehicle had been commandeered by a quartet of jail breakers.

He was ordered to drive along Gerrard Street East and pull over near Parliament Street. He pleaded with the bandits not to steal his cab and gave back the $10 fare one of them had thrust at him. Three of them got out, warning him to keep his mouth shut. The fourth, Andre Hirsh, rode for a few blocks further and told Sheppard to mislead the police if questioned as to where he had been dropped off.

Sheppard was stopped by police a few minutes later, and he identified himself as the man who had just picked up the escapees outside the jail. It was during the interview that followed that Sheppard, still trembling from his terrifying encounter, committed the grave error that would plunge him into a year of misery and chaos: he lied. He concocted the story that he had dropped all four men off at Gerrard and Sherbourne streets, believing that they were being pursued by bikers. And that they had paid for their ride — $1.70 plus a 30-cent tip.

Sheppard dreaded getting involved, and dreaded even more what might happen if the convicts decided to wreak revenge on him for helping the cops. Over a period of four miserable days, he came to the realization that he had been more than foolish, and he went into a police station to ’fess up. The police were skeptical of his belated efforts to change his story. From their point of view, he was not an innocent victim but someone who had aided inmates to escape.

Sheppard’s annus horribilis had begun.

Over the next 12 months, he was overwhelmed both financially and emotionally. He had to sell his house to cover the thousands of dollars he spent on legal fees. He was depressed, fearful of going out, and terrified that, in spite of being innocent, he would be sent to jail.

His lawyer, Eddie Greenspan, called him “the ultimate victim of circumstances — this poor sap who walked into an utter horror story.”

On Tuesday, December 21, 1982, the judge agreed with Greenspan. His client was acquitted of all charges.

And a delighted Sheppard told the Toronto Star’s Ellie Tesher, “Now I believe in Christmas again.”

 

Read the full story:

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FARE AND FOUL: A Christmas Nightmare in Six Parts – Part 5

Part 5: Last Man (Out)standing

On September 24, 1982, Staff-Sergeant Julian Fantino and Sergeant Robert Montrose of Metro Toronto Police flew to Los Angeles. This was no pleasure trip — their purpose was to pick up two fugitive murder suspects and escort them back to Toronto.

The first of these was Robert Palmer, who had allegedly bludgeoned his father to death with a hammer.

The second was Andre Hirsh, being extradited on the orders of a U.S. federal judge. Hirsh had been charged in Toronto with first-degree murder in the slaying of North York jeweller Frank Abrams in May 1981. He had fled to the U.S. after escaping from the Don Jail in December 1981.

Fantino testified at Hirsh’s trial, which was held in October 1982. When taken into custody after the botched robbery, Hirsh had described himself as “the black sheep” of his family. He was heavily indebted to loan sharks, and “had to have the bread [cash] … or else.” He maintained that the killing was the victim’s own fault: Abrams had foolishly played “Joe Hero” by threatening to call his dogs and attempting to snatch Hirsh’s gun away from him. During a struggle with Abrams outside the store, Hirsh shot the jeweller three times, one bullet piercing his heart.

Crown Counsel Chris Rutherford was appalled. As reported in the Globe and Mail, he declared that Hirsh “should be locked up and locked up for a long time…. He killed an innocent, peaceable shopkeeper who had the absolute audacity to stand up for his property.”

Hirsh was found guilty of second-degree murder. Before his sentence was handed down on November 30, 1982, his defence lawyer read to the court a one-page handwritten letter of apology, addressed to Frank Abrams’s widow. Part of it stated: “I am not a cold-blooded vicious person without conscience…. I feel the disgust you must have for me; it shames me strongly. Please understand that there is no limit to the remorse I feel and will carry with me forever…. I’m sorry, I’m truly sorry.”

Hirsh’s letter did not succeed in altering the opinion of Mr. Justice John O’Driscoll, who remained unimpressed. “There may be some degree of remorse in you,” he told Hirsh. But “you are also more than somewhat of a con man.” He sentenced Hirsh to life imprisonment with no parole for at least 16 years.

 

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FARE AND FOUL: A Christmas Nightmare in Six Parts – Part 4

Part 4: The Third Man 

By December 28, 1981, Don Jail escapees Terry Musgrave and Randy Garrison were both safely behind bars. On January 3, 1982, by pure accident, the next fugitive was ushered back into the fold.

That Sunday, the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) detachment at Lindsay received a tip from a sharp-eyed cottager in Kenrei Park, a small community some 5 kilometres north of Lindsay, that someone appeared to be occupying a cottage that should, rightly, have been unoccupied. Three officers paid a visit to the community to check things out; there was indeed a trespasser. After surrounding the cottage, they took the intruder into custody. The man was alone and unarmed, and he offered no resistance.

It was only after the arrest that the OPP established his identity — Brian William Bush, who had been charged with robbery and possessing restricted weapons. Metro Toronto Police had earlier described Bush as “very dangerous”; their Lindsay counterparts must have thanked their lucky stars that he had none of those lethal weapons on his person at the time.

On February 9, Bush was convicted for his part in the bungled Leaside bank robbery in March 1981 that left one of his fellow bandits dead and two others wounded in a shootout with police. This was his third robbery conviction. As reported in the Toronto Star, a stern Judge Hugh Locke told the court that Bush regarded “jail as an occupational hazard. He knew there were weapons being used. He is a very dangerous man with dire prospects for rehabilitation.” He sentenced Bush to 11 years in prison.

 

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FARE AND FOUL: A Christmas Nightmare in Six Parts – Part 3

Part 3: Two Down, Two to Go

Unquestionably the baddest of the jail-breaking bunch was the first to be picked up by Metro police. Convicted murderer Terry Musgrave, that “cold-blooded killer,” was spotted by two uniformed policemen outside a shopping plaza on Jane Street in North York. He was arrested at gunpoint.

Handcuffed and in shackles, Musgrave appeared in court at College Park in Toronto on December 29. His charges, as might be presumed, were serious: escaping custody and possession of a prohibited weapon – a sawed-off .22-calibre rifle. He was eager to get things over with. (“I don’t want a lawyer. I plead guilty.”) At the judge’s insistence, he agreed to have his case remanded for a week — both to consult a lawyer and to get treatment for a foot fracture. He had broken a bone when jumping over the Don wall.

The second fugitive to be corralled was Randy Garrison, who surrendered on December 28, after just three days on the lam. Garrison had telephoned his father, Ernest, asking him to arrange for two officers to meet him at a streetlight on the corner of Driftwood and Finch avenues in North York.

Sergeant Don Bell and Constable Steve McAteer duly “went and stood there.” And, in true noir fashion, “Garrison just appeared out of the darkness.”

Garrison was exhausted. Since his escape, he had managed to snatch just a couple of hours’ sleep each night. He was also scared, after reading newspaper reports that he was regarded as a suspect in a robbery at a York borough gas station the day before. Three bandits in ski-masks had bound and gagged the attendant and threatened him with a knife. Garrison later swore to both the police and his father that he had played no part in that robbery. His overriding fear was that the longer he stayed on the run the more he would be blamed for any crimes committed in the future. The police believed his story.

The police also believed that he had nothing to do with planning the jail break.

Garrison was “the odd man out,” said Sergeant Bell. “We felt he would be the one who would give himself up.”

At Garrison’s trial on January 26, 1982, Bell told the court that the hapless inmate first learned of the “elaborate escape plan” on Christmas Day, when he was transferred to a segregated (and poorly supervised) area on the second-floor of the Don Jail where Musgrave, Hirsh, and Bush were already sequestered. When his three fellow escapees piled into the taxi after the escape, Garrison tried to run away. But the taxi drew up beside him and someone called out: “Randy, get in.” As evidence of Garrison’s reluctance, Bell testified that police had found a note on his person written on the back on a cigarette box. It read: “I Terry Musgrave forced Randy Garrison to go with us.” Musgrave later confirmed that he had indeed written it.

Garrison, who pleaded guilty to being “at large,” was sentenced to three months in jail, to be added to the three years he was already serving for the gas station robbery in 1979.

Terry Musgrave and Randy Garrison, both back inside.

And then there were two…

 

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FARE AND FOUL: A Christmas Nightmare in Six Parts – Part 2

Part 2: The Rogues’ Gallery (Dec 26)

Ranked from bad to worst, the four criminals who scaled the wall of Toronto’s Don Jail and hopped into a conveniently idling cab on the night of December 25, 1981, were Randolph “Randy” Garrison, Brian William Bush, Andre Hirsh, and Terrance “Terry” Derek Musgrave. All of them were in their 20s. All had based their criminous activities in Toronto or neighbouring cities like North York (not part of the city of Toronto at the time), and their combined rap sheets contained more than 80 offences.

Randy Garrison of Toronto, aged 23, had received a three-year prison sentence for robbing a Kingston Road service station in 1979 and was facing a further trial at the time on charges of robbery and assault causing bodily harm.

Brian Bush was a 27-year-old Scarborough man awaiting trial on charges of armed robbery and possession of a restricted weapon. Bush’s claim to fame — or infamy — was his membership of the Dirty Tricks Gang, so called because of the creative diversionary tactics they adopted while carrying out their heists. Their preferred modus operandi when making a getaway by car was to scatter planks or lengths of hose studded with nails on the roadway to puncture the tires of pursuing vehicles. Bush was arrested after an abortive robbery at a Royal Bank branch in Leaside. Metro Toronto Police had received a “vague tip” that something might be going down, and they were waiting outside the bank as the masked bandits fled with their haul of around $24,000. In the firefight that ensued, police shot one of the robbers dead and wounded two others. Bush was arrested in Yorkville after a high-speed car chase through the city.

Andre Hirsh of Toronto, aged 24, was awaiting trial on a charge of first-degree murder after a bungled holdup at a Weston Road jewelry store in May 1981. When confronted at gunpoint during the robbery, the store owner, 38-year-old Frank Abrams, had flatly refused to hand over any money or jewelry. He was shot outside his store while trying to wrest the firearm from his attacker. A group of bystanders chased Hirsh as he fled and brought him down. Hirsh told police that Abrams “had it coming to him,” adding, “the guy had to play Joe Hero.” Abrams had threatened to fetch his dogs, “so I unloaded on him…not in the head or heart but in the stomach.” The truth was starkly different: Abrams was shot three times, including once through the heart.

And at the top (or bottom) spot, at very worst, was self-confessed killer Terry Musgrave, a 25-year-old from North York. The brutal murder had horrified the city back in January 1981. The victim was Catherine Maruya, the 43-year-old owner of a ceramic studio in North York, who was found bound and gagged at her workplace. She had been stabbed 28 times with a pair of scissors and strangled. Musgrave, described by the prosecutor at his trial as “a cold-blooded killer,” had pleaded guilty to second-degree murder. He had received an automatic life sentence and was being held at the Don pending the judge’s decision as to the minimum time he would serve.

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FARE AND FOUL: A Christmas Nightmare in Six Parts – Part 1

Part 1: The Wrong Place at the Wrong Time? 

The front page of Toronto’s Saturday Star on December 26, 1981, recorded the heartwarming story of a Rexdale couple who received the Christmas gift of twin boys. The new parents were understandably overjoyed, as the article put it, when the stork “dropped in” on them not once, but twice. Much less overjoyed was a Toronto taxi driver who had four men drop in on him on Christmas night. This report also appeared on page 1 of the Star, beneath the bold headline “Murderer three others flee Don Jail.”

As 28-year-old Leslie Peter Sheppard of Pickering explained, it was simply a case of being in the wrong place at the wrong time.

It was Sheppard’s first day on the job, moonlighting as a cab driver for Diamond Taxis in Toronto. He had just dropped off a fare at Riverdale Hospital on Broadview Avenue north of Gerrard Street East, and, in the spirit of Christmas giving, had escorted the wheelchair-bound patient to the entrance door of the hospital. Returning to his cab, parked on the narrow roadway between the hospital and the red-brick wall of the Toronto (Don) Jail to the south, he began writing up his trip sheet. That was when several men “in the biggest hurry of anyone you ever saw” piled into his cab. The first guy, he told reporters, “was huffing and puffing and said, ‘Help us — the bikers are after us. They want to knife us.’” As if to underscore this statement, he noticed that another of the men was shirtless, with a large slash across his chest and stomach. “Go! Go! Go!” they yelled and he took off, heading west along the laneway, before turning onto Gerrard Street and dropping them off at Sherbourne Street. The fare for the two-to-three-minute ride was $1.70, and he scored a 30-cent tip.

Sheppard told the media that he was gob-smacked to learn, when police stopped him 12 minutes later, that he had inadvertently helped four “extremely dangerous” inmates to escape from the Don Jail.

The desperadoes had squeezed through a narrow ventilation shaft, sawed through a steel bar with a hacksaw, and used a rope of blankets and bedsheets spliced together to reach the yard of the adjoining old Don Jail, closed since 1976. They then scaled a 20-foot wall to freedom — and that conveniently idling taxicab.

A Canada-wide alert was issued, with Metro Toronto Police out in force to follow up on every lead. They warned the public not to confront the escapers or “get them upset in any way.”

On December 29, an astonishing new development hit the headlines: police had charged the so-called “30-cent-tip” cabby with being an accessory after the fact and assisting in an escape. He was to appear in court early in the new year to have a trial date set.

Leslie Peter Sheppard’s long Christmas nightmare had begun.

 

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CANADIAN EH?

Following the publication of The Don, I was pleased to receive an invitation for an interview from Craig Baird, host of Canadian History EhX, one of the top podcasts on Apple Podcasts Canada. After a few days’ delay (“thanks” to the effects on Craig’s internet connection of a snowstorm in rural Alberta, where he lives), we finally got together for a zoom chat. Craig’s questions ranged from what inspired me to write The Don to what I hope readers will take away from the book. And he was very interested to hear about George Hedley Basher, who governed the Don Jail with an iron fist between 1919 and 1931!

You can listen to Craig’s podcast on Apple podcasts or on Craig’s podcast website.

 

THE DYING DAYS OF THE DEATH PENALTY IN CANADA

THE COP KILLER AND HIS LAWYER

 

A recent obituary in the Globe and Mail highlighted the many facets of the career of Clare Elvet Lewis, who died in Toronto on October 24, 2020, at the age of 83. One of the various (and earliest) hats he wore in the course of his professional life was that of defence lawyer. It was in this role that he met up with a small-time criminal named René Vaillancourt, who cruised into Toronto from his native Montreal in January 1973 to rob a bank.

 

After spending the night of January 31 at the Gladstone Hotel, Vaillancourt drove across town to his target of choice: a Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce branch at Danforth and Coxwell avenues in the east end. The 24-year-old was out on bail at the time on six charges, including possession of a dangerous weapon, car theft, and possession of stolen property. Reportedly, his specialty was stealing colour televisions from houses, stores and taverns in his home town. But he had become tired of the meagre pickings from his existing criminal activities. “I came to Toronto because the banks have more money in them,” he said later. “I was getting only $200 for B and Es [breaking and entering].” His optimistic assessment was spot on: using a .38 Smith & Wesson Special he had purloined from a policeman’s house in Montreal, he held up a teller at the CIBC branch and made off with almost $1800.

 

After dumping the 1965 Pontiac Parisienne he had stolen to use as a getaway car, Vaillancourt headed back to his own vehicle parked on nearby Drayton Avenue. There he encountered Leslie Maitland, a 35-year-old police officer who was in the area with trainee constable Brian McCullum investigating a robbery — probably the one Vaillancourt had just committed. “When I seen that he was coming for me I took out my gun…. I waved my gun at him…. He kept coming towards me. He wanted to catch me. I just shot and he fell down on the sidewalk,” Vaillancourt told police.

 

The bullet severed Maitland’s aorta and he was probably dead before he hit the ground. Vaillancourt shot him again, and followed this up by firing four times at McCullum, who, as a trainee, was unarmed. It was the young cop’s lucky day. He took shelter behind the police cruiser and all the bullets missed their target. But, as he grimly noted, “I could feel the spray of glass [from shattered car windows] on my face.”

 

Vaillancourt was captured while trying to escape in a taxi. “I killed the policeman,” he told investigating officers. “I want to get it over as fast as possible. I’ll plead guilty and draw my sentence. They will hang me for this but better that than being in jail all my life.” By the time his trial opened in September 1973, Vaillancourt had changed his mind. He pleaded not guilty.

 

Vaillancourt had clearly pulled the trigger and he had clearly killed Leslie Maitland. More than 20 witnesses were prepared to attest to that. However, the accused’s lawyer, Clare Lewis, tried to prove “that Vaillancourt’s rational mind had disintegrated and that he could not realize the nature of the act that he had committed.” Psychiatrists and psychologists called by the defence testified that Vaillancourt had suffered brain damage at birth. He was described as impulsive, easily distracted, sadistic as a child, and sexually deviant; all of which, those experts argued, pointed to a diagnosis of minimal brain dysfunction. The jury preferred the version of Dr. Joseph Marotta, a neurologist at Toronto’s St. Michael’s Hospital, who found no evidence of abnormality in a neurological assessment of the defendant. Vaillancourt was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death by hanging — which was, back then, the penalty for the slaying of a police officer in Canada.

 

After their brief meeting in the early 1970s, the lives of the criminal lawyer and the cop killer followed very different trajectories. Lewis went on to occupy a myriad of other roles on the right side of the law: notably, judge, police commissioner and creator of the Special Investigations Unit (SIU) that investigates the police, and Ontario ombudsman. He was on the Ontario Review Board in 2010 when a debilitating stroke ended his public life.

 

Vaillancourt was sent to death row at Toronto’s notorious Don Jail to await execution. He was still there a full 692 days later when he learned that he would not hang on October 31, 1975. He had been granted a nine-month stay of execution by solicitor-general Warren Allmand, pending the introduction of a bill abolishing capital punishment in Canada. On July 14, 1976, Bill C-84 squeaked through Parliament by a margin of seven votes, effectively putting the kibosh on the death penalty in Canada.

 

Vaillancourt’s sentence was commuted to life in prison with no chance of parole for 25 years. After his transfer to a federal penitentiary, Vaillancourt developed a new set of skills: he became a drug trafficker and ran an illicit mail-order business, abetted by his bewildered mother. He traded his own drug dependence for an addiction to computers. But his greatest claim to fame must surely be that he was the last convicted murderer ever to await execution on death row in the Don Jail.

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